Quick Reference

Note:

• The intention of this guide is to be succinct. Don't use this for extended explanation, just note brief points. People can follow links for explanation.
• While this guide may be useful for the exam, don't be exam specific. This is a concise list of concepts to jog your memory, not a Cheat Sheet with direct answers from last year or whatever.

Contradictory Design Maxims

• Design by contract and Tell, don't ask (arguably)
• Composite pattern and Avoid no-op overrides
• Eliminate irrelevant classes and No concrete base classes

Related Design Maxims

• Dependency inversion principle and Program to the interface not the implementation
• Avoid side effects and Command query separation and Keep accessors and mutators separate
• One key abstration and Separation of concerns and Keep related data and behavior in one place
• Favor composition over inheritance and Avoid inheritance for implementation

Performance-Focussed Maxims (as opposed to the usual design-focus)

• Flyweight
• Proxy
• Lazy Initialization

Design Pattern Cliff Notes

• Decorator
  • Identify by: Both HAS A and IS A at the same time, with multiple subclasses.
  • Used for: Adding flexible combinations of specialized functionality.
  • Classic Example: Adding scrolling functionality, borders, etc to a window.
  • Why better than alternatives: Avoids combinatorial explosion of subclasses.

• Composite
  • Identify by: Both HAS A and IS A at the same time, usually without subclasses.
  • Used for: Making many act as one.
  • Classic Example: Making a shape comprising other shapes.
  • Why better than alternatives: Can use singular and collective instances totally transparently (identically).

• Singleton
  • Identify by: Private constructor. Accompanying "public Whatever getWhatever" method, with that method containing lazy initialization of the return value.
  • Used for: Ensuring only a single instance is ever created.
  • Classic Example: Providing a single global Factory object or Settings object.
  • ** Why better than alternatives: No need to pass around many references. Prevents unwanted duplicates. Lazy initialization. Tidier than plain global variables,
  • Disadvantage: Hard to refactor, might indicate a design problem. See Beware singletons.

• Flyweight
  • Identify by: Factory class which returns objects from a pool of pre-existing instances, instead of creating a new instance every time.
  • Used for: Avoiding memory overhead of creating a multitude of identical objects.
  • Classic Example: Letter objects in a word processing application, tokens in State machine design
  • Why better than alternatives: Space saving (identical instances reference the same instance in memory)
  • Disadvantage: Because of the reference reuse, identity tests won't work as expected (eg Java object1==object2)

• Proxy
  • Identify by: Subclass with reference to sibling class. The subclass provides lazy initialization of the sibling class.
  • Used for: Creating an instance when you don't want to use that instance immediately. Can also be used to provide a reduced subset of the original object's interface.
  • Classic Example: Anything "on-demand". Diagramming program, creating instances of all components of the diagram when most are initially offscreen.
  • Why better than alternatives: Performance saving, as "grunt-work" is only carried out when actually needed. Can use proxy instances and real instances totally transparently.

• Adapter
  • Identify by: There are two variants.
    • Object-based adapters: A subclass that makes use of a toolkit/library class to implement its functionality
    • Class-based adapters: Multiple inheritance. A subclass inherits from one superclass in the usual way, and also inherits from another superclass to make use of that superclass's functionality
  • Used for: Making a useful-but-incompatible class work with an existing interface.
  • Classic Example: TextGraphics toolkit class allows you to render text, so is useful, but doesn't have the same interface as your existing graphical object class.
  • Why better than alternatives: Enables great reuse without modifying existing interfaces and code.